Licensing research tool patents

Recent Developments Affecting the Enforcement, Procurement, and Licensing of Research Tool Patents

A vigorous discussion exists regarding the need to provide exclusive patent rights as incentives to invent and to disclose so-called “research tools,” whether such exclusive rights should apply to all uses and users of patented research tools, and whether exclusive rights to prohibit all uses of research tools would unduly discourage sequential invention. This article summarizes recent developm...

Research-tool patents: issues for health in the developing world.

The patent system is now reaching into the tools of medical research, including gene sequences themselves. Many of the new patents can potentially preempt large areas of medical research and lay down legal barriers to the development of a broad category of products. Researchers must therefore consider redesigning their research to avoid use of patented techniques, or expending the effort to obt...

Research Tool Patenting and Licensing and Biomedical Innovation

Knowledge Licensing , Patents , and Optimal Organization of Research and Development 1

We develop a model of two-stage cumulative research and development (R&D), in which one Research Unit (RU) with an innovative idea bargains to license her nonverifiable interim knowledge exclusively to one of two competing Development Units (DUs) via one of two alternative modes: an Open sale after patenting this interim knowledge, or a Closed sale in which precluding further disclosure to a co...

Licensing Complementary Patents , the Anti - Commons , and Public Policy

......................................................................................................................... v 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 2.0 THE LITERATURE .................................................................................................... 4 3.0 THE BASIC MODEL............